![]() ![]() More generally, the goal is to obtain a snapshot of specific characteristics of an individual, group, or setting. The goal of observational research is to describe a variable or set of variables. The term observational research is used to refer to several different types of non-experimental studies in which behavior is systematically observed and recorded.
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![]() The wild card in the latest string of events may be Chris Cuomo. “ Cuomo was fired in December, and he is not going out quietly … He was trying to burn the place down.” - on Jeff Zucker‘s resignation /o05iuKz9WE “That they can’t have a private relationship feels wrong on some level,” Ms. By that point Caryn had become a close friend and it made me really uncomfortable.” Couric said in “Going There.” “She and her husband and kids had moved into the apartment right above Jeff and Caryn’s - everyone who heard about the cozy arrangement thought it was super-strange. “I had to wonder why Jeff was angling so hard to bring Allison on board,” Ms. She said the two were “joined at the hip.” Zucker, who was executive producer for “Today,” made a “huge push to bring on Allison Gollust,” even though there was no communications role for her. Gollust shortly after he arrived at CNN in 2013, and their relationship dated back to their days working together at NBC’s “Today” show, former NBC anchor Katie Couric said in her memoir. His sudden exit puzzled some media watchers, who said that the network honcho’s relationship with Ms. Zucker may be gone, but the story doesn’t end there. ![]() “ Jeff Zucker is gone - congratulations to all!” ![]() “Now is a chance to put Fake News in the backseat because there may not be anything more important than straightening out the horrendous LameStream Media in our Country, and in the case of CNN, throughout the World,” Mr. Zucker a “world-class sleazebag who has headed ratings and real-news-challenged CNN for far too long.” “You can get away with a lot in entertainment if the ratings are up, but the ratings are down badly at CNN.” “ Jeff Zucker could have managed this and stayed on the job if the ratings are up,” said conservative radio host Erick Erickson. 1 cable news network in daytime and prime-time viewers. Houck, unable to topple archrival Fox News, which notched in January its 20th year as the No. Zucker’s arrival, CNN has dropped 3% in prime time and 29% in the 25 to 54 demographic, said Mr. This decision brought in viewers but also gave the Republican an enormous media platform.ĬNN was later accused of overcompensating with its intense criticism of Mr. Trump in the year leading up to the 2016 presidential election. Zucker has long been blamed on the left for focusing too heavily on Mr. From January 2021 to January 2022, the network’s ratings plunged 76% in total prime-time viewers and 82% in the key 25- to 54-year-old demographic, Mr. It was the frequent target of President Trump’s attacks of “fake news,” but in terms of ratings, the network had a love-hate relationship with the blustery Republican.ĬNN’s popularity soared during the Trump presidency and crashed after he left office. “And I have no idea who they view as their target audience, or even if it has occurred to them to target a particular audience.”ĬNN became, for conservatives, a symbol of media bias during the Trump presidency. Its ratings are in the toilet,” tweeted Vox senior correspondent Ian Millhiser. “I feel like Jeff Zucker has done an objectively terrible job of running CNN. Zucker’s nine-year run included a surprising number of prominent journalists not known for their right-of-center views. “There are probably going to be a lot of nervous people at CNN because Jeff is really the glue there,” Mr. ![]() Zucker’s departure and called him “the best boss we have ever had, one of the best things that has ever happened to CNN.” Zucker’s departure included several well-known CNN figures.Īnchor Alisyn Camerota described it as “an incredible loss,” and host Don Lemon said he was “devastated” by Mr. “We’re beyond a crisis of confidence in the media, and Jeff Zucker is not a minor character in all of this.” “It’s no accident that in Jeff Zucker’s nine-year tenure that CNN has become one of America’s most hated news organizations,” said Curtis Houck, managing editor of the conservative media watchdog NewsBusters. ![]() ![]() ![]() – To play stable high quality music, Wi-Fi is less preferred and mostly not capable of streaming “HD Music files”. #EARTHNET CAMP FREE#(can be free downloaded from PS Audio downloads page) I checked almost each and every UPNP/DLNA Music server and remained with the good, old, simple, SQ oriented – PS Audio “eLyric”. ![]() – ROON or any other “Music Server” is a must component in the flow. – My preference is strongly pointing towards the “Ethernet/Network” choice. ![]() Saying that, here are my findings, very simplified: To begin with, my personal basic preference is – “SQ factor” is (slightly) more important than “convenience factor”. I am not a great poster, but I thought I will share my ongoing personal experience practically gained during the past 3 years, comparing USB vs. However even though I’m not relying on Wifi I still copy the film from NAS to MacMini before watching rather than using the MacMini to watch the film on the NAS because its more reliable and it eliminates the rendering problems I sometimes get when watching over network To take an analogy I have a MacMini directly connected to my TV, and by ethernet cable connected to my router, I also have a NAS containing all my films connected to my router via ethernet. Im still struggling a bit with the concept that it is better to listen to music via the network than via usb simply because usb offers a more reliable and faster connection then the network. Interesting, but for me Roon in the diagram unneccessarily complicates things a bit ,if you simply just have music on a NAS does is still stand that it is better to for the DAC to receive the songs over the network share rather that directly via USB ?Īnd if the advantage of Network versus usb is due to less physical components being involved, do you prefer Ethernet Cable or Wifi ? It is this fundamental difference in the way music is transferred between one machine and the other that makes for the differences we’ve been talking about these last few days. Ethernet connects very differently than does USB. Roon, JRiver, Minimserver, Twonky, NAS are examples of servers that can prepare their data to be sent over Ethernet. This kind of output isn’t common for servers and only a few can do it. Here is the same setup only this time, instead of going through USB, we output through Ethernet. It is this very connection that products like the USB Regen, Disruptor, Jitterbug exist to clean up. USB cables are electrically connected to the power and data lines of the computer – a problem for jitter, ground loops, noise from the computer into the DAC. What’s important to note is the USB fixed cable to the DAC. #EARTHNET CAMP ANDROID#If we’re using an iPad or Android tablet we’re connected via WiFi through the router, etc. The big shape labeled “computer” is the hub where the server is and, connected to the computer, everything else. Here’s what a typical computer setup connected to our DAC through USB might look like. We’ll use the Roon server in these diagrams, but the first diagram could use any number of servers, including JRiver, iTunes, Etc. If your company deals with sensitive data that needs to be shared by your team globally anywhere, at any time, from any device or if you simply want to slash long-term hardware costs while increasing efficiency and productivity, then Earthnet has the cloud solution for you.įor more information, including a price quote, check out our website: We look forward to serving you with passion and professionalism.They say a picture’s worth 1000 words and since these daily posts are fewer than 100 let’s use a couple of pictures to help us understand the difference between our music library played through a computer connected via USB vs. While we specialize in serving companies in the medical, financial, and legal industries, as well as start-ups and marketing firms, we are happy to help any business in any industry that may need customized solutions and architecture. Our facility features redundant fiber connections, dual UPS, backup generators, A/C units, and key-card access with 24/7 video surveillance. , Bahman Saless and Chesley McColl, Earthnet addressed Boulder’s need for an evolving, client centric data center.We pride ourselves in custom made solutions for small to medium size businesses that can benefit from the features of a tier 3 data center. Earthnet is a privately owned, boutique-style, data center and managed services provider, specializing in enterprise level, secure cloud solutions and IT services. ![]() ![]() Accessible units and TypeBunits shallīe provided in Group I-1 occupancies in accordance withĪccessible units. Provided in Group I occupancies in accordance with Sections Accessible units and Type B units shall be ![]() is there some way to get a handle on what you should know or how you should know it?! so Group I occupancy requires some kind of provisional handicap retrofit ability in the design of the units?Īny idea /why/ there would be this kind of quasi-federal handicap type requirement in the building code? this seems very weird and atypical to me.Īlso, this is like the definition of a needle in a haystack as it relates to the study materials. This is more of a Project Management or Programming & Analysis question. Even this question is a bit of a stretch, but a possible curveball kind of challenge.Īlso, this is not really a PDD subject. They are REALLY similar, and the differences are so small and so niche that it would be unreasonable to expect someone minimally competent to perform architectural services should have them memorized. You should not need to know the minutia of the differences between A type and B type. The project must provide ADA retrofits in the adjacent public right-of-way, if retrofit is required. The project will not be allowed any private commercial use.ĭ. The project will require Type A and Type B ADA Units.Ĭ. The project will require commercial overlay for public programs at the street frontage.ī. ![]() What primary design challenge must be considered due to the type of funding used on the project?Ī. The public funding for the project is split between state programs, and federal financing. The project is located in a underserved area and is financed using both private and public funding. Imagine a question like this (which I am simultaneously adding to my xQ app's library as we speak):Ī client of your firm sends and RFP for a multi-family residential housing complex on the outskirts of the city's downtown area. I would suggest just knowing that and A type unit is just a residential ADA unit, and a B type unit is one that is required for Federal Fair Housing Act. ![]() It applies mostly to residential uses that are permanent in nature, such as apartments, condo buildings, etc. Not every Residential Use Group building has to follow this. #Copyclip2 vs copyclip how toThe Building Code tells you when you need to provide these types of units and how many (note: it also tells you when units to be Accessible, meaning full-compliance with ADA), and then once you've determined that you need to do this, ANSI A117.1 tells you how to design a Type A and a Type B Unit. The definitions of Type A and Type B I believe are in Chapter 2 of the building code, and if not, check out ANSI A117.1. So, it was more of a "if someone should ever need to add these things in the future, there's elements in place now to do so." When we designed these, we had to do things like making sure certain rooms had 2'-10" minimum width doors, bathrooms had quote-unquote "some" clearances (but not the full-blown ones like in ADA), and bathroom fixtures didn't have to have grab bars, but they did have to have blocking in the walls for future grab bars. We just did a multi-family condo building with about 12 units and I had to do several of them as Type B. Rank Tracker Enterprise 8.42.Yes these are in the Building Code in Chapter 11 (Accessibility) and Type A and Type B units, in a nutshell, are essentially units that are not fully accessible, but they're either "ADA friendly" or able to, in the future, become more accessible should the need ever arise. #Copyclip2 vs copyclip downloadA Better Finder Attributes 7 v7.20 Crack FREE Download.SEO SpyGlass 6.55.29 Crack FREE Download.WebSite Auditor 4.53.29 Crack FREE Download. #Copyclip2 vs copyclip macRunning discreetly from your menu bar, Cop圜lip Crack Mac app stores all that you have copied or cut in the past, allowing you to quickly find that snippet of text you’ve been looking for. Cop圜lip 2022 Mac is the slickest and most efficient premium clipboard manager for your Mac. ![]() ![]() ![]() Perhaps you have tried to use other keyboard settings or enabled other keyboard languages, reasons why your shortcuts were disabled and no longer working. This shortcut opens the Force Quit dialog box. Make sure that the box beside Turn on Sticky keys is not checked. Option+ Command +Esc: Quit a frozen application.When working with a file (like a Microsoft Word document), shortcuts can be used to create new files, find words, and print. You can use keyboard shortcuts to open, close, and switch applications in Finder and from your desktop. May be useful before exporting all sizes, dates and. Shift+Option+left arrow: Select the previous word. Result list shortcuts Ctrl + E Read the file size, date and attributes of the current selection.Shift+Option+right arrow: Select the next word.You can press the left arrow multiple times to skip several words. Option+left arrow: Skip to the beginning of the previous word.You can press the right arrow multiple times to skip several words. Option+right arrow: Skip to the beginning of the next word.Command +right arrow: Skip to the end of the current line.Command+left arrow: Skip to the beginning of the current line.Command +U: Underline the selected text.Command +I: Italicize the selected text. #CONTROL BUTTON SHORTCUTS MAC#However, instead of the Ctrl and Alt keys, Mac keyboards have Control, Option, and Command keys. Ctrl+G Open Find in a browser and word processors. Ctrl+D Bookmark an open web page or open font window in Microsoft Word. Ctrl+C Copy any selected text or another object. #CONTROL BUTTON SHORTCUTS WINDOWS#Many of the keyboard shortcuts for macOS are similar to Windows shortcuts. List of Common Control Key Shortcuts Ctrl+A These two keys will select all text or other objects. Open a new web browser tab, and paste the copied link into the address bar.Scroll to the bottom of the page, then scroll back to the top of the page.Type the address of a webpage of your choice.Move through to the webpage to the address bar.Try using keyboard shortcuts to perform the following tasks in your web browser: Open the application, and type a few lines of text.Navigate to a word processing application like Microsoft Word.The addition of the Alt key overrides the snap points and any width can be obtained with the mouse.Try using keyboard shortcuts to perform the following tasks: Windows Open a recently closed tab in your internet broswer: Ctrl + Shift T Switch between open windows: Alt + Tab Minimize everything and show desktop: (. For example, if a button runs a procedure to print a form, and therefore its Text property is set to. With an access key, the user can 'click' a button by pressing the Alt key in combination with the predefined access key. Later, without releasing the mouses button, the Alt key is depressed along with the mouse button. An access key is an underlined character in the text of a menu, menu item, or the label of a control such as a button. ![]() Initially, the resizing is restricted to specific snap points. The next animation shows the resize of a data card within an Edit form control. Ctrl + N Save a copy of the current document with a new file name. The Alt key can also be used after a control has been selected to override snap points for moving and resizing. Opening, closing, saving and printing Open a copy of the current document. With the Alt key first depressed, the button control is again selected, but this time the OnSelect property is evaluated and the notification is displayed, just as if the button was selected in a running app. Adorners appear around the control and the formula bar shows the OnSelect property, ready to be edited. In the following animation, a button control is first selected for editing. This default can be overridden by holding down the Alt or Ctrl+Shift keys before initiating the selection, which treats the selection as if a user of the app had done it. When in design mode, by default, selecting an object is for editing-moving, resizing, changing properties, and otherwise configuring the object. But this poses a problem: How do we differentiate selecting a button control so that it can be resized from selecting a button control to exercise the logic in our app? There's no need to change to preview mode in order to exercise your app, making the editing and test cycles much faster. Like an Excel spreadsheet, canvas apps are live and operating even when they're being edited. After initiating a resize or reposition of a control, holding down these keys overrides any snap points. ![]() Before selecting a control, hide design elements so that you can interact with the controls as the app's user would.Ģ. These shortcuts require the Tree view pane to have focus. Move between commands on the selected tab and then to the next tabĬlose Preview mode, a dialog box, or a flyout pane Save the app and activate the publish dialog Save the app with the same name or for the first time Shortcuts might vary based on keyboard layout. ![]() ![]() ACUTE MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA AND THE ECG Acute myocardial ischemia may affect all components of the electrical activation of the heart, including the P wave, the PR interval, the QRS complex, the ST segment, and the T and U waves. On the other hand, most patients with incomplete occlusion of the coronary artery may be stabilized first with medical therapy before a decision is made to refer them for coronary angiography and revascularization. Obviously, patients with severe ischemia leading to ongoing myocardial necrosis should be rapidly diagnosed, as these patients may benefit from urgent reperfusion therapy (preferentially by primary percutaneous coronary intervention p‐PCI). This may occur even without formation of blood clots on ruptured atherosclerotic plaques. As mentioned above, ACS may be caused by abrupt increase of demand (tachyarrhythmia, sepsis, significant increase in afterload), usually in combination with limited ability to increase coronary flow (presence of fixed coronary narrowing due to preexisting coronary artery disease, vasoconstriction due to medication, hypotension, severe anemia, etc.). Dynamic changes in the size of the thrombus with distal embolization of platelet aggregates and clots and secretion of vasoactive substances lead to cyclic flow variations with repeat episodes of subendocardial ischemia (so‐called unstable angina) that may lead to myocardial cellular injury (acute myocardial infarction AMI). In many instances, the blood clot overlying the ruptured plaque does not completely block the blood flow. Occasionally, total occlusion of an epicardial coronary artery does not lead to transmural ischemia due to the presence of residual flow via collateral circulation. Other causes of an abrupt coronary artery occlusion are coronary embolus, spasm, and dissection of the aorta with involvement of the orifice of the main coronary artery or dissection of the coronary artery itself. This usually leads to complete or almost complete obliteration of the coronary artery lumen, resulting in acute transmural ischemia that involves all layers of the myocardium with necrosis of the involved tissue, if reperfusion does not occur rapidly. The most severe manifestation of ACS is acute reduction of blood flow, caused by an occlusive blood clot that is formed on a ruptured atherosclerotic plaque in an epicardial coronary artery. ECG Diagnosis and Classification of Acute Coronary Syndromes ECG Diagnosis and Classification of Acute Coronary Syndromesīirnbaum, Yochai Wilson, James Michael Fiol, Miquel Luna, Antonio Bayés Eskola, Markku Nikus, KjellĪcute coronary syndromes (ACS) are caused by an imbalance between myocardial oxygen demand and blood flow, which may be caused by either an acute reduction of blood supply or an increase in demand that cannot be matched by augmentation of blood flow. ![]() ![]() ![]() I didn't want to break it to her that the kid will freeze unless doing proper swimming. A friend can't wait to let her kid play in our Endless pool next fall when hopefully it's up and running. I always wonder about this when I hear of people using an Endless pool (or equivalent) for serious swimming and also for lounging or play time. And the 82F pool was terribly cold if not swimming but teaching. But even that warm swim pool was too chilly to just "lounge" or teach someone to swim. I always felt the 84F pool was too warm to swim and my husband would feel sickly in that pool. This was in two different pools, one at 82F and the other one at 84F. I was always super cold and shivering by the end of the hour. I would work with someone one-on-one and help them learn to swim. ![]() ![]() I used to volunteer and teach at the Swimming Saves Lives every April as part of our masters group. If you warm the pool up for recreation, I personally wouldn’t like swimming laps in that temperature. So if you keep the pool at a nice swimming temperature, I predict your kids and friends/family won’t like it for just recreation. For lounging, most people prefer at least 85 degrees, and closer to at least 90 degrees based on the people we’ve had over. I like to swim laps in 78-80 degree water. We also have a heat pump that can heat and cool the pool if want to adjust the temperature.ĭktxracer wrote:We built a lap pool last year, and I didn’t appreciate this until we had it. The sun warms the pool up throughout the day, making it comfortable, and then naturally cools overnight. Variable speed from beginner to pro with a top speed of 58 seconds/100 meters. Works in existing pools by deck mount, or wall mount in new construction. #Endless pool fastlane generator(Portland) Endless Pool Fastlane Pro current generator for swimming and fitness. #Endless pool fastlane fullIn my situation, where the pool is outdoors and sees full sun almost the entire day, our swimming situation works out fine because we swim in the morning when the pool is coolest. Endless Pool Fastlane Pro - 2,700 (Portland) Endless Pool Fastlane Pro. Perhaps add a heater and a chiller so that you can adjust the temperature as needed. That will hold temperature really well, but will also make it hard to cool down. You said “pool room,†which suggests an enclosed pool. We built a lap pool last year, and I didn’t appreciate this until we had it. The temperature you want the pool for these two activities is probably going to be different. This doesn’t quite address your question, but one thing to consider in your situation, where you want to use your pool for recreation in addition to swim training. ![]() ![]() ![]()
plus I'm sure Barnes & Noble would appreciate me actually buying their merchandise, instead of sitting on their floor for an hour and consuming it for free.more 1-3 are looking lonely up there on my bookshelf. I really need to get myself a copy, though. ACTUAL sex, not that imaginary crap from one of the earlier comics. For example, (view spoiler) And there just wasn't time for that sort of thing in these six issues.īut again, I can't really complain when this book gives me things like (view spoiler) [ Baby Emma:Īnd Mal/Inara sex. I wanted it to take it's time, get some good character work in. My other main complaint was that I liked what story was there, it just felt too rushed. But also, I squeed when I saw Jayne was wearing his hat? Basically I'm a big fat hypocrite. Not that I don't love a good fanservice every once in a while, but I also like to feel like the world the characters inhabit is authentic, and fanservice usually messes with that. #He was a leaf on the wind. seriesPart of me also ate up every character or reference that popped up again from the series or the movie, particularly (view spoiler) But on the other hand, some of it felt like blatant fanservice. Georges Jeanty's art was gorgeous and really captured the characters in some panels, and in others they just looked. And as it is, it was a really, really fun visit back to the 'verse, but it wasn't perfect. Part of me also ate up every character or reference that popped up again from the series or the movie, particularly (view spoiler) [The Opera Let's get one thing straight: if I were only going off my love of Firefly and these characters, this would just straight up get five stars. Let's get one thing straight: if I were only going off my love of Firefly and these characters, this would just straight up get five stars. That is supposed to be Inara holding a baby and not some random doll carrying a potato!. The tension between characters have changed and the new characters introduced still lack a solid characterization.Īlso, the covers are spectacular, but the story's art sucks. I didn't like the story the first time around, but the second time around was much better. Jubel, from season 1? Didn't he float away to space like George Clooney? Resistance hires Jayne and alliance hires Jubel. Finally, both parties find their own trackers. Hunted by alliance because of the "Miranda incident" and sought by resistance for his leadership. ![]() Something (view spoiler) was missing.Ĭaptain Reynolds and his crew are most wanted individuals in the galaxy. ![]() #He was a leaf on the wind. movieJubel, from seaso I am a leaf on the wind.įirst reaction? A sequel to the movie serenity? Woooohoooo!īut after reading the story, I found myself a bit confused. Captain Reynolds and his crew are most wanted individuals in the galaxy. First reaction? A sequel to the movie serenity? Woooohoooo! But after reading the story, I found myself a bit confused. If they hadn't added that random little story at the end of the book (both unnecessary and terrible artwork in my opinion) this book would have been flawless from start to finish.more I didn't want it to end, and if the next installment follows suit I'll be a very happy browncoat. ![]() Following on from the Serenity movie and the previous graphic novel volumes, this story has the substance, style and humour that I loved from the series. I feel like I've just watched a top secret, long forgotten episode of Firefly. If they hadn't added that random little story at the end of the book (both unnecessary and terrible artwork in my opinion) this book would have bee Love. ![]() ![]() Google Translate is a complementary translation service developed by Google in April 2006. 4.2 Languages in development and beta version.Originally only enabled for a few languages in 2016, GNMT is now used in all 133 languages in the Google Translate roster as of July 2022. It uses this broader context to help it figure out the most relevant translation, which it then rearranges and adjusts to be more like a human speaking with proper grammar". In November 2016, Google announced that Google Translate would switch to a neural machine translation engine – Google Neural Machine Translation (GNMT) – which translates "whole sentences at a time, rather than just piece by piece. Its accuracy, which has been criticized and ridiculed on several occasions, has been measured to vary greatly across languages. WWW GOOGLE OVERSETTER NO HOW TODuring a translation, it looks for patterns in millions of documents to help decide which words to choose and how to arrange them in the target language. Rather than translating languages directly, it first translates text to English and then pivots to the target language in most of the language combinations it posits in its grid, with a few exceptions including Catalan-Spanish. Launched in April 2006 as a statistical machine translation service, it used United Nations and European Parliament documents and transcripts to gather linguistic data. As of July 2022, Google Translate supports 133 languages at various levels, and as of April 2016, claimed over 500 million total users, with more than 100 billion words translated daily, after the company stated in May 2013 that it served over 200 million people daily. It offers a website interface, a mobile app for Android and iOS, and an API that helps developers build browser extensions and software applications. Google Translate is a multilingual neural machine translation service developed by Google to translate text, documents and websites from one language into another. ![]() November 15, 2016 5 years ago ( ) (as neural machine translation) April 28, 2006 16 years ago ( ) (as statistical machine translation) ![]() ![]() ![]() An array of miniature LEDs are placed along two or four edges of a light guide panel (LGP). As such, conventional optical design of direct lighting involves various compromises.Įdge-lit technology capitalizes on light guide technology as well as characteristics unique to LEDs. ![]() High level of diffusion affects the LED light transmission due to large amounts of scattering loss. Even with diffuse shielding, these pinpoint light sources can still create hot spots of focused light that would detract from the visual appeal of a fixture. By the very nature of their design and operation, LEDs are high flux density light sources that produce concentrated light output. LEDs can be particularly challenging in designing direct-lit luminaires. Optical systems for lamp-based fluorescent luminaries are rather bulky and inefficient. reflectors, diffusers, lens, and louvers, have been used to control glare from the unwanted angle of view or to reduce excessively high luminance of the emission interface. In the past, direct lighting with luminaires designed in a conventional way are challenged with improving uniformity and reducing discomfort glare. In interior spaces where people spend a long length of time working or learning, lighting is a critical element of the design that may enhance or degrade organizational productivity, task concentration, environmental and job satisfaction, social interactions, aesthetic perceptions, safety and security. ![]() Mitigation of glare, shadows, and other undesirable visual effects is equally important. However, achieving quality lighting in task-laden spaces such as offices, classrooms and laboratories involves more than simply specifying the illuminance level. Oftentimes they are the only option for spaces with low ceiling heights, which are found in buildings with suspended mechanical ceilings (i.e., drop ceilings). In contrast to general diffuse and indirect lighting systems, direct-type luminaires are most efficient in delivering light to a horizontal task plane. General lighting in commercial and institutional spaces is ubiquitously provided by direct-type luminaires which provide 90% to 100% downlight. The Dilemma of Direct Lighting with Conventional Optical Design For a long time however, this has been a mission impossible because of the inherent limitations of conventional lighting technologies. The goal of lighting in these spaces is to enable occupants to see their visual tasks easily and comfortably while addressing economic and environmental concerns, and taking architectural considerations into account. They are workhorses in offices, hospitals, schools and commercial facilities where overhead luminaires are the primary source of ambient and task lighting. Troffers are square, rectangular or linear light fixtures that are installed in the ceiling and distribute light downwards only. Functionally speaking, it is a flat panel troffer. An LED panel light is a low profile, fully luminous panel that utilizes edge-lit LED technology to deliver uniform, smooth and visually comfortable direct (downward) lighting. ![]() |
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